Osteoporosis Diet & Nutrition
Top Foods to Eat and Avoid
Food and drinks can play a critical role in osteoporosis prevention and even treatment. That also includes foods that are bad for your bones…
In the following post, we compiled a list of the top osteoporosis foods to avoid:
- Sahni, S., Mangano, K. M., McLean, R. R., Hannan, M. T., & Kiel, D. P. (2015). Dietary Approaches for Bone Health: Lessons from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Current osteoporosis reports, 13(4), 245–255. doi:10.1007/s11914-015-0272-1
- Domazetovic, V., Marcucci, G., Iantomasi, T., Brandi, M. L., & Vincenzini, M. T. (2017). Oxidative stress in bone remodeling: role of antioxidants. Clinical cases in mineral and bone metabolism: the official journal of the Italian Society of Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism, and Skeletal Diseases, 14(2), 209–216. doi:10.11138/ccmbm/2017.14.1.209
- Farina, E.K.; Kiel, D.P.; Roubenoff, R.; Schaefer, E.J.; Cupples, L.A.; Tucker, K.L. Protective effects of fish intake and interactive effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes on hip bone mineral density in older adults: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 93, 1142–1151. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005926
- SanGiovanni, J.P.; Chew, E.Y. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Progr. Retin. Eye Res. 2005, 24, 87–138. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.06.002
- Peter, S., Chopra, S., & Jacob, J. J. (2013). A fish a day, keeps the cardiologist away! - A review of the effect of omega-3 fatty acids in the cardiovascular system. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism, 17(3), 422–429. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.111630
- Mozaffari-Khosravi, H., Yassini-Ardakani, M., Karamati, M. & Shariati-Bafghi, S. E. Eicosapentaenoic acid versus docosahexaenoic acid in mild-to-moderate depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 23, 636–644 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.08.003
- Mangano KM, Sahni S, Kerstetter JE, Kenny AM, Hannan MT. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their relation with bone and muscle health in adults. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2013;11:203–12. doi:10.1007/s11914-013-0149-0
- Chen YM, Ho SC, Lam SS. Higher sea fish intake is associated with greater bone mass and lower osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal Chinese women. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(6):939–946. doi:10.1007/s00198-009-1029-4
- Teegarden D, Lyle RM, Proulx WR, et al. Previous milk consumption is associated with greater bone density in young women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:1014–1017. doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.5.1014
- Kalkwarf HJ, Khoury JC, Lanphear BP. Milk intake during childhood and adolescence, adult bone density, and osteoporotic fractures in US women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77(1):257–65. doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.1.257
- René Rizzoli, Dairy products, yogurts, and bone health, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 99, Issue 5, May 2014, Pages 1256S–1262S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.073056
- Robert P Heaney, Donald K Layman, Amount and type of protein influences bone health, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 87, Issue 5, May 2008, Pages 1567S–1570S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1567S
- Kerstetter, J.E.; Kenny, A.M.; Insogna, K.L. Dietary protein and skeletal health: A review of recent human research. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2011, 22, 16–20. doi:10.1097/MOL.0b013e3283419441
- Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE study group. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013; 14: 542–559. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021
- Jugdaohsingh, R., K. L Tucker, N. Qiao, L. A. Cupples, D. P. Kiel, J. J. Powell, Dietary silicon intake is positively associated with bone mineral density in men and premenopausal women of the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2004, 19, 297–307. doi:10.1359/JBMR.0301225.
- Casey TR, Bamforth CW (2010) Silicon in beer and brewing. J Sci Food Agric 90(5):784–788. doi:10.1002/jsfa.3884
- Wiley-Blackwell. (2010, February 9). Beer is a rich source of silicon and may help prevent osteoporosis. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 30, 2019 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100208091922.htm
- Tucker KL, Jugdaohsingh R, Powell JJ, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Sripanyakorn S, Cupples LA, Kiel DP. Effects of beer, wine, and liquor intakes on bone mineral density in older men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1188–96.
- Berman AY, Motechin RA, Wiesenfeld MY, Holz MK. The therapeutic potential of resveratrol: a review of clinical trials. NPJ Precis Oncol. 2017;1(1):35. doi:10.1038/s41698-017-0038-6
- Sahni, S., Mangano, K. M., McLean, R. R., Hannan, M. T., & Kiel, D. P. (2015). Dietary Approaches for Bone Health: Lessons from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Current osteoporosis reports, 13(4), 245–255. doi:10.1007/s11914-015-0272-1
- Stephen J. Genuis and Thomas P. Bouchard, “Combination of Micronutrients for Bone (COMB) Study: Bone Density after Micronutrient Intervention,” Journal of Environmental and Public Health, vol. 2012, Article ID 354151, 10 pages, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/354151
- Drake MT, Clarke BL, Khosla S. Bisphosphonates: mechanism of action and role in clinical practice. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:1032–1045. doi:10.4065/83.9.1032
- Hoy MK, Goldman JD. Calcium intake of the U.S. population: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2009- 2010. Food Surveys Research Group Dietary Data Brief No. 13. September 2014.
- King, D.E.; Mainous, A.G.; Geesey, M.E.; Woolson, R.F. Dietary Magnesium and C-reactive Protein Levels. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2005, 24, 166–171.
- Pizzorno L. (2015). Nothing Boring About Boron. Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.), 14(4), 35–48.
- Medeiros, D. M., Ilich, J., Ireton, J., Matkovic, V., Shiry, L. and Wildman, R. 1997. Femurs from rats fed diets deficient in copper or iron have decreased mechanical strength and altered mineral composition. ─ J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 10: 197-203. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-670X(1997)10:3<197::AID-JTRA7>3.0.CO;2-8
- Mahdavi-Roshan, M., Ebrahimi, M., & Ebrahimi, A. (2015). Copper, magnesium, zinc and calcium status in osteopenic and osteoporotic post-menopausal women. Clinical cases in mineral and bone metabolism : the official journal of the Italian Society of Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism, and Skeletal Diseases, 12(1), 18–21. doi:10.11138/ccmbm/2015.12.1.018
- Sierpinska T, Konstantynowicz J, Orywal K, Golebiewska M, Szmitkowski M (2014) Copper deficit as a potential pathogenic factor of reduced bone mineral density and severe tooth wear. Osteoporos Int 25:447–454. doi:10.1007/s00198-013-2410-x
- Bresciani G, da Cruz IBM, González-Gallego J. Manganese superoxide dismutase and oxidative stress modulation. Adv Clin Chem. 68: Elsevier; 2015. p.87-130. doi:10.1016/bs.acc.2014.11.001
- Samsel A, Seneff S (2015) Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases III: Manganese, neurological diseases, and associated pathologies. Surg Neurol Int 6: 45. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.153876
- Henrotin, Y., Mathy, M., Sanchez, C., & Lambert, C. (2010). Chondroitin sulfate in the treatment of osteoarthritis: from in vitro studies to clinical recommendations. Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease, 2(6), 335–348. doi:10.1177/1759720X10383076
- Questions and Answers: NIH Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial Primary Study. Retrieved from https://nccih.nih.gov/research/results/gait/qa.htm?nav=gsa
- P.D. Saltman, L.G. Strause, The role of trace minerals in osteoporosis, J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 12 (1993) 384–389. PMID: 8409100
- Zeng, H., Cao, J. J., & Combs, G. F., Jr (2013). Selenium in bone health: roles in antioxidant protection and cell proliferation. Nutrients, 5(1), 97–110. doi:10.3390/nu5010097
- Beukhof, C. M., Medici, M., van den Beld, A. W., Hollenbach, B., Hoeg, A., Visser, W. E., ... Peeters, R. P. (2016). Selenium status is positively associated with bone mineral density in healthy aging European men. PLoS ONE, 11, e0152748. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0152748
- Jakob, F.; Becker, K.; Paar, E.; Ebert-Duemig, R.; Schütze, N. Expression and regulation of thioredoxin reductases and other selenoproteins in bone. Methods Enzymol. 2002, 347, 168–179. doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(02)47015-2
- Hoeg A, Gogakos A, Murphy E, Mueller S, Köhrle J, Reid DM, Glüer CC, Felsenberg D, Roux C, Eastell R, et al. Bone turnover and bone mineral density are independently related to selenium status in healthy euthyroid postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:4061-4070. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2121
- Genuis SJ and Schwalfenberg GK. Picking a bone with contemporary osteoporosis management: nutrient strategies to enhance skeletal integrity. Clin Nutr 2007; 26: 193–207. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2006.08.004
- Rehder D (2013) Vanadium. Its role for humans. Met Ions Life Sci 13:139–169. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_5
- Dermience, M.; Lognay, G.; Mathieu, F.; Goyens, P. Effects of thirty elements on bone metabolism. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2015, 32, 86–106. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.06.005
- Sharma U, Pal D, Prasad R. Alkaline phosphatase: an overview. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2014;29:269–78. doi:10.1007/s12291-013-0408-y
- King, J. C., Brown, K. H., Gibson, R. S., Krebs, N. F., Lowe, N. M., Siekmann, J. H., & Raiten, D. J. (2016). Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND)-Zinc Review. The Journal of nutrition, 146(4), 858S–885S. Advance online publication. doi:10.3945/jn.115.220079
- Lowe, N.M.; Lowe, N.M.; Fraser, W.D.; Jackson, M.J. Is there a potential therapeutic value of copper and zinc for osteoporosis? Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2002, 61, 181–185. doi:10.1079/PNS2002154
- Gunton JE, Girgis CM, Baldock PA, et al. Bone muscle interactions and vitamin D. Bone 2015; 80: 89–94. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.029
- Girgis CM, Baldock PA, Downes M. Vitamin D, muscle and bone: Integrating effects in development, aging and injury. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015; 410:3–10. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2015.03.020
- Stratos, I.; Li, Z.; Herlyn, P.; Rotter, R.; Behrendt, A.-K.; Mittlmeier, T.; Vollmar, B. Vitamin D Increases Cellular Turnover and Functionally Restores the Skeletal Muscle after Crush Injury in Rats. Am. J. Pathol. 2013, 182, 895–904. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.11.006
- Tagliaferri C, Wittrant Y, Davicco MJ, et al. Muscle and bone, two interconnected tissues. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 21: 55–70. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.03.002
- Shea, M. K., Dallal, G. E., Dawson-Hughes, B., Ordovas, J. M., O'Donnell, C. J., Gundberg, C. M., … Booth, S. L. (2008). Vitamin K, circulating cytokines, and bone mineral density in older men and women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 88(2), 356–363. doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.2.356
- McCann, J.C.; Ames, B.N. Vitamin k, an example of triage theory: Is micronutrient inadequacy linked to diseases of aging? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 90, 889–907. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27930
- Scheiber, D.; Veulemans, V.; Horn, P.; Chatrou, M.L.; Potthoff, S.A.; Kelm, M.; Schurgers, L.J.; Westenfeld, R. High-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation reduces cardiovascular calcification in a murine model of extraosseous calcification. Nutrients 2015, 7, 6991–7011. doi:10.3390/nu7085318
- Vossen, L.M.; Schurgers, L.J.; van Varik, B.J.; Kietselaer, B.L.; Vermeer, C.; Meeder, J.G.; Rahel, B.M.; van Cauteren, Y.J.; Hoffland, G.A.; Rennenberg, R.J.; et al. Menaquinone-7 supplementation to reduce vascular calcification in patients with coronary artery disease: Rationale and study protocol (VitaK-CAC Trial). Nutrition 2015, 7, 8905–8915. doi:10.3390/nu7115443
- Holden, R. M., Booth, S. L., Day, A. G., Clase, C. M., Zimmerman, D., Moist, L., … Heyland, D. K. (2015). Inhibiting the progression of arterial calcification with vitamin K in HemoDialysis patients (iPACK-HD) trial: rationale and study design for a randomized trial of vitamin K in patients with end stage kidney disease. Canadian journal of kidney health and disease, 2, 17. doi:10.1186/s40697-015-0053-x
- Manoury E, Jourdon K, Boyaval P, Fourcassié P. Quantitative measurement of vitamin K2 (menaquinones) in various fermented dairy products using a reliable high-performance liquid chromatography method. J Dairy Sci. 2013;96:1335–46. doi:10.3168/jds.2012-5494
- Elder, S.J.; Haytowitz, D.B.; Howe, J.; Peterson, J.W.; Booth, S.L. Vitamin K Contents of Meat, Dairy, and Fast Food in the U.S. Diet. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 463–467. doi:10.1021/jf052400h
- Pekmezci, D. Vitamin E and immunity. Vitam. Horm. 2011, 86, 179–215. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-386960-9.00008-3
- Q. Jiang, “Natural forms of vitamin E: metabolism, antioxidant, and anti-infammatory activities and their role in disease prevention and therapy,” Free Radical Biology & Medicine, vol. 72, pp. 76–90, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.035
- Shi, W. Q., Liu, J., Cao, Y., Zhu, Y. Y., Guan, K., and Chen, Y. M. (2016). Association of dietary and serum vitamin E with bone mineral density in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults: a cross-sectional study. Br. J. Nutr. 115, 113–120. doi:10.1017/S0007114515004134
- J. M. Mata-Granados, R. Cuenca-Acebedo, M. D. Luque De Castro, and J. M. Quesada Gomez, “Lower vitamin e serum levels are associated with osteoporosis in early postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study,” Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 455–460, 2013. doi:10.1007/s00774-013-0432-2
- Calder, P.C.; Albers, R.; Antoine, J.-M.; Blum, S.; Ferns, G.A.; Folkerts, G.; Bourdet-Sicard, R.; Friedmann, P.S.; Frost, G.S.; Guarner, F.; et al. Inflammatory disease processes and interactions with nutrition. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 101, S2–S14. doi:10.1017/S0007114509377867
- Serafini M. Dietary vitamin E and T cell-mediated function in the elderly: effectiveness and mechanism of action. Int J Dev Neurosci 2000;18:401–10.
- Weber P, Bendich A, Machlin LJ. Vitamin E and human health: rationale for determining recommended intake levels. Nutrition 1997; 13:450–60.
- S. Kalyan, P. Huebbe, T. Esatbeyoglu et al., “Nitrogenbisphosphonate therapy is linked to compromised coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E status in postmenopausal women,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 99, no. 4, pp. 1307–1313, 2014. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-3648
- Dai, Z., & Koh, W. P. (2015). B-vitamins and bone health--a review of the current evidence. Nutrients, 7(5), 3322–3346. doi:10.3390/nu7053322
- Rosalie A. M. Dhonukshe-Rutten, Martine Lips, Nynke de Jong, Marijke J. M. Chin A Paw, Gerrit J. Hiddink, Marijke van Dusseldorp, Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot, Wija A. van Staveren, Vitamin B-12 Status Is Associated with Bone Mineral Content and Bone Mineral Density in Frail Elderly Women but Not in Men, The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 133, Issue 3, March 2003, Pages 801–807. doi:10.1093/jn/133.3.801
- B. J. Henriques, R. K. Olsen, P. Bross and C. M. Gomes, Emerging roles for riboflavin in functional rescue of mitochondrial ß-oxidation flavoenzymes, Curr. Med. Chem., 2010, 17, 3842–3854. doi:10.2174/092986710793205462
- Lienhart, W. D., Gudipati, V., & Macheroux, P. (2013). The human flavoproteome. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 535(2), 150–162. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2013.02.015
- Gietka-Czernel M. (2017). The thyroid gland in postmenopausal women: physiology and diseases. Przeglad menopauzalny = Menopause review, 16(2), 33–37. doi:10.5114/pm.2017.68588
- Williams, G. R., & Bassett, J. (2018). Thyroid diseases and bone health. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 41(1), 99–109. doi:10.1007/s40618-017-0753-4
- (n.d.). Office of Dietary Supplements - Riboflavin. Retrieved from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional/
- Marenzana M, Arnett TR (2013) The key role of the blood supply to bone. Bone Res 1:203–215. doi:10.4248/ BR201303001
- (n.d.). Office of Dietary Supplements - Niacin. Retrieved from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-HealthProfessional/
- (n.d.). Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin B6. Retrieved from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/
- Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 1998.
- Fenech, M. Folate (vitamin B9) and vitamin B12 and their function in the maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial genome integrity. Mutat. Res. 2012, 733, 21–33. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.11.003
- (n.d.). Office of Dietary Supplements - Folate. Retrieved from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/
- Goerss JB, Kim CH, Atkinson EJ, Eastell R, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ. Risk of fractures in patients with pernicious anemia. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7:573–9. doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650070514
- Tucker KL, Hannan MT, Qiao N, et al. Low plasma vitamin B12 is associated with lower BMD: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res 2005;20:152–8. doi:10.1359/JBMR.041018
- Dhonukshe-Rutten, R.A.M.; Lips, M.; de Jong, N.; Chin, A.; Paw, M.J.M.; Hiddink, G.J.; van Dusseldorp, M.; De Groot, L.C.P.G.M.; van Staveren, W.A. Vitamin B-12 status is associated with bone mineral content and bone mineral density in frail elderly women but not in men. J. Nutr. 2003, 133, 801–807. doi:10.1093/jn/133.3.801
- Stone KL, Bauer DC, Sellmeyer D, et al. Low serum vitamin B-12 levels are associated with increased hip bone loss in older women: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:1217-21. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030074
- McLean RR, Jacques PF, Selhub J, et al. Plasma B vitamins, homocysteine, and their relation with bone loss and hip fracture in elderly men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2206–12. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2710
- (n.d.). Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin B12. Retrieved from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/
- Orchard, T. S., Pan, X., Cheek, F., Ing, S. W., & Jackson, R. D. (2012). A systematic review of omega-3 fatty acids and osteoporosis. The British journal of nutrition, 107 Suppl 2(0 2), S253–S260. doi:10.1017/S0007114512001638
- T. Montalcini, S. Romeo, Y. Ferro, V. Migliaccio, C. Gazzaruso, and A. Pujia, “Osteoporosis in chronic inflammatory disease: the role of malnutrition,” Endocrine Journal, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 59–64, 2013. doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9813-x
- Simopoulos AP. Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006 Nov; 60(9):502–7. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2006.07.080
- Limongi, F.; Noale, M.; Gesmundo, A.; Crepaldi, G.; Maggi, S. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and all-cause mortality risk in an elderly Italian population: Data from the ILSA study. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2017, 21, 505–513. doi:10.1007/s12603-016-0808-9
- Mitjavila, M.T.; Fandos, M.; Salas-Salvadó, J.; Covas, M.I.; Borrego, S.; Estruch, R.; Lamuela-Raventós, R.; Corella, D.; Martínez-Gonzalez, M.Á.; Sánchez, J.M.; et al. The Mediterranean diet improves the systemic lipid and DNA oxidative damage in metabolic syndrome individuals. A randomized, controlled, trial. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 32, 172–178. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.08.002
- Haring B, Crandall CJ, Wu C, et al. Dietary Patterns and Fractures in Postmenopausal Women: Results From the Women’s Health Initiative. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(5):645–652. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.0482
- Puel, C.; Coxam, V.; Davicco, M.-J. Mediterranean diet and osteoporosis prevention. Med. Sci. 2007, 23, 756– 760. doi:10.1051/medsci/20072389756
- Chin, K. Y., & Ima-Nirwana, S. (2016). Olives and Bone: A Green Osteoporosis Prevention Option. International journal of environmental research and public health, 13(8), 755. doi:10.3390/ijerph13080755
- Fernández-Real, J. M. et al. A Mediterranean diet enriched with olive oil is associated with higher serum total osteocalcin levels in elderly men at high cardiovascular risk. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97, 3792–3798 (2012). doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2221
- Liu, H.; Huang, H.; Li, B.; Wu, D.; Wang, F.; Zheng, X.H.; Chen, Q.; Wu, B.; Fan, X. Olive Oil in the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis After Artificial Menopause. Clin. Interv. Aging. 2014, 9, 2087–2095. doi:10.2147/CIA.S72006
- L. Mazzanti, M. Battino, L. Nanetti et al., “Effect of 1-year dietary supplementation with vitaminized olive oil on markers of bone turnover and oxidative stress in healthy post-menopausal women,” Endocrine, vol. 50, pp. 326–334, 2015. doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0529-6
- Puel, C.; Mardon, J.; Kati-Coulibaly, S.; Davicco, M.J.; Lebecque, P.; Obled, C.; Rock, E.; Horcajada, M.N.; Agalias, A.; Skaltsounis, L.A.; et al. Black lucques olives prevented bone loss caused by ovariectomy and talc granulomatosis in rats. Br. J. Nutr. 2007, 97, 1012–1020. doi:10.1017/S0007114507659030
- Puel, C.; Mardon, J.; Agalias, A.; Davicco, M.-J.; Lebecque, P.; Mazur, A.; Horcajada, M.-N.; Skaltsounis, A.-L.; Coxam, V. Major phenolic compounds in olive oil modulate bone loss in an ovariectomy/inflammation experimental model. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 9417–9422. doi:10.1021/jf801794q
- Davis DR, Epp MD, Riordan HD, Davis DR. Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004; 23: 669–682. doi:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409
- Kaats GR, Preuss HG, Stohs S, Perricone N, et al. (2016) A 7-year longitudinal trial of the safety and efficacy of a vitamin/mineral enhanced plant-sourced calcium supplement. Nutr J 2, 91. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1090357
- Takada Y, Bhardwaj A, Potdar P, Aggarwal BB. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents differ in their ability to suppress NF-kappaB activation, inhibition of expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and cyclin D1, and abrogation of tumor cell proliferation. Oncogene. 2004;23(57):9247–9258. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208169